Tác giả: Tràn Thị Chiến
Chủ đề: Giáo dục
Loại tài liệu: Bài giảng; Giáo án; Kế hoạch lên lớp
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Mô tả: Date of planning: 04/10/2024 Period 16 UNIT 2: Life in the past Lesson 1.3: Pronunciation & Speaking (Pages 16 & 17) 1. Objectives By the end of this lesson, students will be able to… 1.1. Language knowledge/ skills - Focus on /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds. - Talk about family now and then. 1.2. Competences - improve Ss’ communication, collaboration, analytical, and critical thinking skills. 1.3. Attributes - cultivate a heightened curiosity for diverse learning methodologies. 2. Teaching aids and materials - Teacher’s aids: Student’s book and Teacher’s book, class CDs, DCR– Phần mềm tương tác trực quan, DHA – Ứng dụng trò chơi tương tác, projector / interactive whiteboard /TV (if any), PowerPoint slides. - Students’ aids: Student’s book, Workbook, Notebook. 3. Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks Performance Products Assessment Tools - Listen to the words and focus on the underlined words. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Listen and circle the words. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. -Take turns saying the words in Task c while your partner points to them. (Pair work) - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Practice with your own ideas. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Share the ideas with the class. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback - Take turns talking about memories of family life in the past and compare them with family life now. (Pair work) - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Discuss family traditions and customs in the past and compare them to today (Pair work) - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback 4. Procedures A. Warm-up: 5 minutes Class Date of teaching Absent students 9A 9C a. Objectives: to introduce the /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds. b. Content: Pronunciation game: the /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can identify the /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds. d. Organization Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Warm-up activities: COMPETITION TIME: - Create groups/teams of 5 students. - Work in groups. - You will be given some English words - Follow the instructions. - Ask students to put the words into the correct column (/ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds). The team(s) with the most correct answers win(s). - Put the words into the correct boxes. - Check Ss’ answers and give feedback. - Correct the answers. QUESTIONS: Put the words into the correct column ( /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds) pizza - police - busy - field - building business - system - dinner - key - magazine /ɪ/ /iː/ Suggested answers /ɪ/ /iː/ busy /ˈbɪz.i/ field /fiːld/ business /ˈbɪz.nɪs/ pizza /ˈpiːt.sə/ building /ˈbɪl.dɪŋ/ key /kiː/ system /ˈsɪs.təm/ police /pəˈliːs/ dinner /ˈdɪn.ɚ/ magazine /ˌmæɡ.əˈziːn/ B. New Lesson (35’) 1. Presentation (Pronunciation) (15’) a. Objectives: To help Ss practice saying the /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds. b. Content: Tasks a, b, c and d. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can improve their pronunciation by saying the /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds. d. Organization Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task a: Focus on the /ɪ/ and /iː/ sounds. Notes: 1./iː/ is a long sound. Make your mouth wide, like a smile. Ensure your tongue touches the sides of your teeth. 2./ɪ/ is a short sound. Make your mouth a bit less wide than for /iː/. Position your tongue a bit towards the back of your mouth. - Ask Ss to take notes. - Listen and take some notes. Task b: Listen. Notice the sounds of the underlined letters. CD1-Track 17 - Ask students to listen and notice the pronunciation feature. - Notice the pronunciation feature. - Play audio and draw attention to the pronunciation feature. -Listen to the audio and repeat. SCRIPT CD1-Track 17 M: relative, single, breadwinner M: thirteen, Vietnamese, families Task c: Listen and circle the words you hear. CD1-Track 18 -Play audio. Have students listen and circle the words they hear. -Listen and circle the words they hear. -Play audio again and check answers as a whole class. -Listen to the audio and repeat. SCRIPT CD1-Track 18 1. M: sit 2. M: feel 3. M: his Answer key: 1. sit 2. feel 3. his 1.sit seat /sɪt/ /siːt/ 2.feel fill /fiːl/ /fɪl/ 3.His he’s /hɪz/ /hiːz/ Task d: Take turns saying the words in Task c. while your partner points to them. -Have students practice saying the words in Task c. while their partner points to them. - Say the words in Task c. while their partner points to them -Ask some students to read the sentences out loud - Read the sentences out loud. -Give some feedback or correction - Listen to feedback 2. Practice (10’) a. Objectives: To help Ss practice talking about memories of family life in the past and compare them with family life now. b. Content: Tasks a and b. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can talk about memories of family life in the past and compare them with family life now. d. Organization: Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task a: In pairs: Take turns talking about memories of family life in the past and compare them with family life now. -Demonstrate the activity by practicing with a student. -Watch the demonstration -Divide the class into pairs. - Work in pairs. -Have students take turns making sentences to compare families in the past with families now using the prompts. - Take turns making sentences. -Have some pairs demonstrate the activity in front of the class. - Demonstrate the activity in front of the class. -Give some feedback or correction - Listen to feedback Suggested answer: 1. A: What do you remember about family life in the past, Grandpa? B: Back then, women would be housewives, and men would be breadwinners. A: Many women also work now. 2. A: What do you remember about family life in the past, Grandpa? B: Back then, people would often get married young. A: People often get married later now. 3. A: What do you remember about family life in the past, Grandpa? B: Back then, men would make all the decisions. A: Women also make decisions now. 4.What do you remember about family life in the past, Grandma? B: Back then, people would usually come home for family meals. A: Most families only have dinner together now. 5.What do you remember about family life in the past, Grandma? B: Back then, people would usually live in extended families. A: People usually live in nuclear families now. 6.A: What do you remember about family life in the past, Grandma? B: Back then, people would usually have many kids. A: People have fewer kids now. Task b: Practice with your own ideas. -Have students practice the activity with their own ideas. - Share the ideas with a partner. -Have some pairs demonstrate the activity in front of the class. - Demonstrate the activity in front of the class. -Give some feedback or correction. - Listen to feedback. Suggested answer: A: What do you remember about family life in the past, Grandpa? B: Back then, people would often communicate through letters, phone calls, or face-to-face interactions. A: People often communicate through video calls, social media, and instant messaging now. 3. Production (Speaking) (10’) a. Objectives: To help Ss discuss family traditions and customs in the past and compare them to today. b. Content: Tasks a and b. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can talk about family traditions and customs in the past and compare them to today. d. Organization Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task a: In pairs: Discuss family traditions and customs in the past and compare them to today. Discuss the points below. • Family size • Family meals • Marriage • Parent-child relationship • Member roles -Demonstrate the activity by practicing with a student. -Watch the demonstration -Divide the class into pairs. - Work in pairs. -Have students discuss each point in the box about family traditions and customs in the past and now. - Share the ideas with a partner. -Have some pairs demonstrate the activity in front of the class. - Demonstrate the activity in front of the class. -Give some feedback or correction - Listen to feedback Suggested answer: 1. Family size A: In the past, people would often have larger families with many children. B: Now, people tend to have smaller families, with fewer children or sometimes even just one child. 2. Family meals A: In the past, people would gather together for family meals every day. B: Now, people often have more hectic schedules, so they may not always eat together as a family. 3. Marriage A: In the past, people would typically get married at a younger age. B: Now, people often delay marriage until they are older and more established in their careers. 4. Parent-child relationship A: In the past, parents would usually have a stricter approach to parenting. B: Now, parents often have a more communicative relationship with their children. 5. Member roles A: In the past, the husband was the breadwinner, and the wife would stay at home. B: Now, people tend to have more equal roles within the family and everyone shares responsibilities. Task b: Do you think the changes are better or worse? Why? -Ask students to discuss the questions. - Share the ideas with a partner. -Ask some students to share their ideas with the class. - Share the ideas with the class. -Give some feedback or correction. - Listen to feedback. Suggested answer: A: I think the change in family size is better. Living with many people can be uncomfortable. B: I believe the change in family mealtime is worse. Nowadays, families might not always eat together, which means they miss out on bonding time. C. Consolidation and homework assignments (5’) - Speaking: Ask and answer the question below with your partner about family traditions in the past: What would you often do with your family during the Lunar New Year holiday when you were a child? Suggested answers: During the Lunar New Year holiday when I was a child, my family and I would often gather for big feasts and visit relatives to exchange greetings and gifts. -Practice sounds: /ɪ/ and /iː/. -Prepare for the next lesson (Vocabulary & Listening - pages 18 & 19 - SB). -Play the consolidation games on www.eduhome.com.vn 5. Reflection a. What I liked most about this lesson today: ……………………………………………………………………………… b. What I learned from this lesson today: ……………………………………………………………………………… c. What I should improve for this lesson next time: ……………………………………………………………………………… *********************** Date of planning: 04/10/2024 Period 17 UNIT 2: Life in the past Lesson 2.1: Newwords and Listening (Pages 18 & 19) 1. Objectives By the end of this lesson, students will be able to… 1.1. Language knowledge/ skills - learn and use vocabularies related to life in the past. - practice listening for gist and details - practice functional English and how to show interest. 1.2. Competences - improve Ss’ communication, collaboration, analytical, and critical thinking skills. 1.3. Attributes - cultivate a heightened curiosity for diverse learning methodologies. 2. Teaching aids and materials - Teacher’s aids: Student’s book and Teacher’s book, class CDs, DCR– Phần mềm tương tác trực quan, DHA – Ứng dụng trò chơi tương tác, projector / interactive whiteboard /TV (if any), PowerPoint slides. - Students’ aids: Student’s book, Workbook, Notebook. 3. Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks Performance Products Assessment Tools - Match the words with the pictures - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Talk about things your parents and grandparents like doing. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Listen and choose the correct answers. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Listen and fill in the blanks - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Listen and repeat. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback - Listen and number the phrases in the correct order. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Tell your partner about things you would do in the summer but don't do anymore. 4. Procedures A. Warm-up: 5 minutes Class Date of teaching Absent students 9A 9C a. Objectives: to introduce the topic. b. Content: Let’s talk. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can talk about things their parents and grandparents like doing d. Organization Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Let’s talk: Look at the title of the unit and the picture. Answer these questions: 1. What can you see? 2. What kind of things do parents and grandparents often have photos of? 3.What photos do your parents or grandparents have? - Ask Ss to work in pairs, look at the title and the picture, and answer the questions (using the DCR/ PPTs slides). - Work in pairs, look at the title and the picture and answer the questions - Call some pairs to give their answers. - Read the answers out loud. - Give feedback. - Share/exchange the answers with the class. Suggested answers 1. A: What can you see? B: I can see a family including grandparents, parents and children. 2. A: What kind of things do parents and grandparents often have photos of? B: They often have photos of family gatherings, special occasions like weddings or birthdays, vacations, and memorable moments with their children or grandchildren. 3. A: What photos do your parents or grandparents have? B: My parents or grandparents often have photos of family gatherings during Tet holidays, summer vacations, and other special occasions. B. New Lesson (35’) 1. Pre-listening (Vocabulary - 15’) a. Objectives: To help Ss improve their collocations/ new words related to life in the past. b. Content: tasks a and b. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can learn some new collocations/ new words related to life in the past. d. Organization Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task a: Read the words and definitions, then match the words with the pictures. Listen and repeat CD1- Track 19 - Demonstrate the activity using the example. - Watch the demonstration. - Ask Ss to work by themselves and match the words with the pictures. (using the DCR/ PPTs slides). - Match the words to the definitions. - Ask Ss to compare the answers with a partner. - Check the answers with a partner. - Check Ss’ answers around the class. - Listen to feedback. - Play audio. Ask Ss to listen and repeat. - Listen and repeat. Answer Keys: 1. tuk-tuk 2. clay pot 3. stall 4. nephew 5. cottage 6. niece 7. bake 8. sketch Task b: In pairs: Use the new words to talk about things your parents and grandparents like doing. - Explain and model the activity. - Listen to the instructions. - Ask Ss to work in pairs, sharing their ideas about things their parents and grandparents like doing. - Work in pairs, sharing the ideas. - Check Ss’ answers around the class. - Listen to feedback. - Pick some Ss to share their ideas. - Share the ideas with the whole class. New words: 1. tuk-tuk 2. clay pot 3. stall 4. nephew 5. cottage 6. niece 7. bake 8. sketch Suggested answers: 1. When visiting my family in Thailand, my parents love to take a tuk-tuk to explore the bustling city streets. 2. My grandma loves cooking in her clay pots. 3. My grandparents like buying food from a woman's stall near their house. 4. My grandmother likes to read books for my nephew. 5. My parents love to rent a cozy cottage for a peaceful getaway. 6. My father loves to go fishing with my nephew. 7. Every Sunday morning, my mom loves to bake homemade bread for the whole family to enjoy. 8. My mother loves sketching in her garden 2. While - listening (Listening- 15’) a. Objectives: To help Ss listen for gist and details. b. Content: Tasks a, b, c and d. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can read for specific information and know about family life in the past. d. Organization: Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task a: Listen to a grandfather talking to his granddaughter about some memories. How does he feel about them? CD1- Track 20 1. good, happy memories 2. nice, but boring memories 3. one happy memory and one sad memory - Ask Ss to read the questions and underline the key words - Read the questions and underline the key words. - Play audio. Ask students to listen and circle the correct answer. - listen and circle the correct answer. - Ask Ss to compare the answer with a partner and show the evidence to justify the answer. - Compare the answer with a partner and show the evidence to justify the answer. - Check the answers. -Correct the answers. Answer Key: 1. good, happy memories Evidence: G: I love the beach. What would you do? M: I'd throw a ball with your dad. We used to have so much fun. Task b: Now, listen and fill in the blanks CD1- Track 20 - Ask Ss to read the questions, underline the key words and guess the type of missing words. - Read the questions, underline the key words and guess the type of missing words. - Demonstrate the activity using the example. - Watch the demonstration. - Play audio. Have students listen and fill in the blanks. - listen and fill in the blanks. - Ask Ss to compare the answer with a partner and show the evidence to justify the answer. - Compare the answer with a partner and show the evidence to justify the answer. - Check the answers. -Correct the answers. Answer key: 1. spring 2. nieces – nephews 3. fish in a clay pot 4. food and clothes stalls 5. throw a ball ANSWERS EVIDENCE 1. Grandpa used to visit a cottage in the spring G: Grandpa. Come and look at these photos with me. M: OK, sweetie. G: Look at this one. M: Oh, that's a good photo. G: Where were you? M: That's a cottage we used to visit in the spring. 2. Grandpa's wife, children, nieces and nephews used to go to the cottage. G: Cool. Who used to go there? M: We used to go with lots of people. Me, Grandma, your dad, your aunts and uncles, and our nieces and nephews. We'd cook amazing meals there. 3. Grandma used to bake fish in a clay pot. G: Lucky you! What did you use to cook? M: Grandma often used to bake fish in a clay pot. 4. Grandpa and his parents would look at the food and clothes stalls at the market. G: Oh, I'd love to hear more about it! M: My parents and I would walk around the market and look at all the food and clothes stalls. 5. Grandpa would throw a ball at the beach. G: Where's this, Grandpa? M: That's a beach that your dad and I used to go to in the summer. G: I love the beach. What would you do? M: I'd throw a ball with your dad. We used to have so much fun. Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task c. Read the Conversation Skill box, then listen and repeat. CD1- Track 21 - Have students read the Conversation Skill box. - Read the Conversation Skill box - Clarify the use of the conversation skill. - Listen to instructions. - Play audio. Have students listen and repeat. - Listen and repeat. Task d. Now, listen to the conversation again and number the phrases in the correct order. CD1- Track 21 -Play audio. Have students listen and number the phrases in the correct order. - Listen and number the phrases in the correct order. - Check answers as a whole class. - Correct answers. Answer key: 1. Lucky you! 2. That sounds (awesome). 3. Oh, I'd love to hear (more) about it! Evidence: G: Lucky you! What did you use to cook? M: Grandma often used to bake fish in a clay pot. G: That sounds awesome. What about this photo? M: That's a market we used to go to on the weekends. G: Oh, I'd love to hear more about it! 3. Post-listening (5’) a. Objectives: To help Ss practice talking about things they would do in the summer but don't do anymore. b. Content: Tasks e c. Expected outcomes: Ss can talk about things they would do in the summer but don't do anymore. d. Organization Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task e: In pairs: Take turns telling your partner about things you would do in the summer but don't do anymore. - Divide the class into pairs. - Work in pairs. - Ask Ss to discuss the questions. - Discuss the questions. - Check Ss’ answers and give feedback. - Listen to feedback. Suggested answer: -When I was little, my family would go to the water park every summer. It was a lot of fun. -When I was little, my family would go on a cruise in Ha Long Bay every summer. It was a lot of fun. C. Consolidation and homework assignments (5’) - Speaking: Ask and answer the question below with your partner about things you would do in the spring but don't do anymore. What are things you would do in the spring but don't do anymore? Suggested answers: When I was younger, my family would have picnics in the park every spring. It was always a nice way to enjoy the weather and spend time together. HOMEWORK: -Learn vocabulary related to life in the past. -Make sentences using vocabularies in SB. -Prepare for the next lesson (Grammar - pages 19 & 20 - SB) -Play the consolidation games on www.eduhome.com.vn 5. Reflection a. What I liked most about this lesson today: ……………………………………………………………………………………… b. What I learned from this lesson today: ……………………………………………………………………………………… c. What I should improve for this lesson next time: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ***************************** Date of planning: 04/10/2024 Period 18 UNIT 2: LIFE IN THE PAST Lesson 2.2: Grammar (Pages 19 & 20) 1. Objectives By the end of this lesson, students will be able to… 1.1. Language knowledge/ skills - learn and use “used to”. - produce sentences using “used to” - improve Grammar and Speaking. 1.2. Competences - improve Ss’ communication, collaboration, analytical, and critical thinking skills. 1.3. Attributes - cultivate a heightened curiosity for diverse learning methodologies. 2. Teaching aids and materials - Teacher’s aids: Student’s book and Teacher’s book, class CDs, DCR– Phần mềm tương tác trực quan, DHA – Ứng dụng trò chơi tương tác, projector / interactive whiteboard /TV (if any), PowerPoint slides. - Students’ aids: Student’s book, Workbook, Notebook. 3. Assessment Evidence Performance Tasks Performance Products Assessment Tools - Unscramble the sentences. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Read about used to, and fill in the blanks. - Ss’ answers. - Observation. - Listen, check, and repeat. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Identify the mistakes - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - Write complete sentences. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback. - In pairs: Talk about things students used to do when they were younger, then use would to give additional information. - Ss’ answers/ presentations. - Observation/feedback. - Share the ideas with the class. - Ss’ answers. - Observation/feedback 4. Procedures A. Warm-up: 5 minutes Class Date of teaching Absent students 9A 9C a. Objectives: To introduce the grammar point: “used to”. b. Content: Share the ideas with the class. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can unscramble the sentences with “used to”. d. Organization Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Warm-up activities: Competition time: - Ask Ss to form groups of 5. - Form groups of 5. - Give Ss instructions and one example. - Follow the instructions. - Give Ss some sentences to unscramble. - Unscramble the sentences in a team/group. - Check the answers. - Check the answers. Unscramble sentences: 1. very long. /short hair now, / Liz has got /but it used to be 2. she was a child./Helen / a piano / used to have /when / 3. When /I didn't use to/I was younger, /like tomatoes. 4. I used to eat/ I was a kid./broccoli /when 5. I don't read / read a lot of books, /but /much these days./ I used to Suggested answers 1. Liz has got short hair now, but it used to be very long. 2. Helen used to have a piano when she was a child. 3. When I was younger, I didn't use to like tomatoes. 4. I used to eat broccoli when I was a kid. 5. I used to read a lot of books, but I don't read much these days. B. New Lesson (35’) 1. Presentation (15’) a. Objectives: To help Ss understand how to use “used to”. b. Content: Tasks a and b. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can make sentences using “used to”. d. Organization Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task a: Read about used to, then fill in the blanks. - Ask Ss to work individually and complete the task (using the DCR/ PPTs slides). - Fill in the blanks. - Ask Ss to compare the answers with a partner. - Compare the answers with a partner. - Check Ss’ answers around the class. - Check the answers - Explain the use of “used to” (using the DCR/ PPTs slides. - Listen to the teacher’s instructions and take notes. Task b: Listen and check. Listen again and repeat. - Play audio. Ask students to listen and check their answers. - Listen and check. Answer Keys: - Play audio again. Ask students to listen again and repeat. - Listen and repeat. 2. Practice (15’) a. Objectives: To help Ss practice the use of “used to”. b. Content: Tasks c and d. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can practice the use of “used to” and when to use them. d. Organization: Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task c: Underline the mistakes and write the correct words on the lines - Demonstrate the activity using the example. - Listen to the instructions - Ask Ss to underline the mistakes and write the correct words on the lines. - Complete the task. - Have pairs check each other's work. - Compare the answers with a partner. - Pick some Ss to share their answers with the class. - Read the sentences out loud. - Check and correct Ss’ answers. - Correct the answers Answer Keys: 1. to used -> used to 2. used -> use 3. traveled -> travel 4. used -> used to 5. went -> go 6. use to loved -> used to love Task d: Write sentences using the information in the table with either used to (if there's no past time phrase) or would (if there's a past time phrase). - Demonstrate the activity using the example. - Listen to the instructions. - Ask Ss to write sentences using the table - Complete the exercise and write full sentences. - Have pairs check each other's work. - Check the answers with a partner. - Ask some Ss to share their answers with the class. - Read the sentences out loud. - Check Ss’ answers. - Correct the answers. Answer Keys: 1. I used to live in Tokyo. 2. My sister used to work in a market stall. 3. I would do arts and crafts in the yard when I was little. 4. I used to have a dog called Twiglet. 5. My brother would travel to the beach every summer back then. 3. Production (5’) a. Objectives: To help Ss produce sentences using “would”. b. Content: Different methods to study English. c. Expected outcomes: Ss can compare and contrast their study methods with other students, using “would” for repeated past actions. d. Organization Teacher’s activities Students’ activities Task e. In pairs: Ask and answer questions about things you used to do after school, on the weekends, and during holidays when you were younger, then use would to give additional information. - Divide the class into pairs. - Work in pairs. - Have students ask and answer questions about things they used to do and give additional information... - Ask and answer questions. - Have some students demonstrate the activity in front of the class. - Watch the demonstration. - Monitor the class and help them if necessary. - Work in pairs to share the ideas/ sentences. - Ask some Ss to share their ideas. - Share the ideas with the class. Suggested answers: 1. What did you use to do after school when you were younger? I often used to walk around the park with my mom. I would play on the playgrounds too. 2. What did you use to do on the weekends when you were younger? I used to stay at my grandma's. She would sometimes buy me ice cream. 3. What did you use to do during holidays when you were younger? I used to go on trips with my cousins. We would sing and play games. C. Consolidation and homework assignments (5’) - Speaking: Ask and answer the question below with your partner, using “used to” What did you use to eat on your birthday when you were younger? Suggested answers: When I was younger, I used to eat chocolate cupcakes on my birthday. -Review “used to” -Make sentences using “used to” in SB. -Prepare for the next lesson (Pronunciation & Speaking - pages 20 & 21 - SB). -Play the consolidation games on www.eduhome.com.vn 5. Reflection a. What I liked most about this lesson today: ……………………………………………………………………………… b. What I learned from this lesson today: ……………………………………………………………………………… c. What I should improve for this lesson next time: ………………………………………………………………………………